ChatGPT is not a relevant or a reliable source.

https://www.ti.com/video/3878027903001
https://www.ti.com/product/BQ25570
https://www.ti.com/tool/TIDA-00242
https://www.ti.com/lit/ug/tiduc93/tiduc93.pdf?ts=1692465536615
https://www.ti.com/lit/ug/tiduew2/tiduew2.pdf?ts=1692465539544
https://www.ti.com/lit/ug/tidub22b/tidub22b.pdf?ts=1692465541647
https://www.ti.com/lit/wp/sszy004/sszy004.pdf?ts=1692465544492

Unless you’re building switch-mode power supplies it is useless to you.

That’s why the call it a DC-blocking capacitor.

I guess you could check if it’s a physical fit for an HP (or Dell or Samsung) one and then go to ebay or aliexpress and buy a corresponding “laptop charger socket”. Though they’re all board mount. I don’t know if any panel mount ones even exist.

The pin is recessed and about 1mm in diameter - which seems impossibly small for 6.67A.

Because it doesn’t carry 6.67A. What you have there is a laptop power supply, probably an HP or Dell one. The current is carried on the inner and outer sleeve of the barrel. The centre pin only carries communication signals.

Neither. It’s a USB-to-Serial converter with what might or might not be an FTDI chip.